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Inland fishing in India refers to the harvesting of fish from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals, ponds and other freshwater resources within the country. It forms a major part of India’s fisheries sector and contributes significantly to nutrition, employment and rural livelihoods. With a coastline of more than 8,000 kilometres, India is known for its marine fisheries, yet the inland fisheries segment accounts for a larger share of total fish production. Over the past few decades, technological interventions such as improved breeding, better feed, aquaculture practices and cooperative structures have expanded the potential of inland fisheries. This growth has created significant scope for women to participate and benefit economically, as inland fisheries tend to be more accessible to communities living away from the coast and are often integrated with agriculture, animal husbandry and household-based livelihoods. Women’s involvement in inland fisheries is historically rooted in traditional community practices where fishing, fish processing and marketing were carried out collectively. In many rural areas of India, particularly in states like West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, women have been engaged in fish seed collection, fish vending, net mending, drying, smoking and preparation of value-added products. These activities, though often invisible in official statistics, form a crucial component of the inland fisheries value chain. Inland fishing is generally less capital-intensive than deep-sea or mechanised marine fishing, making it easier for women to access through self-help groups (SHGs), cooperatives and microfinance schemes. As a result, inland fisheries are emerging as a significant avenue for rural women’s economic development, self-employment and empowerment. The economic opportunities offered by inland fishing to women are diverse. One major area is aquaculture-based fish farming in village ponds or community tanks. Many states have introduced policies to lease government-owned ponds to women’s groups or mixed cooperatives for fish culture. For example, in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, village-level women’s self-help groups have been allotted ponds on a lease basis to undertake composite fish culture. Through training support provided by state fisheries departments and NGOs, these groups learn pond preparation, seed stocking, feed management and _____ _________ _____ _________ _________ _________ ________ _______ ____ ____ ________.
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