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Women have played a vital role in agriculture and agriculture-related sectors in India for centuries, yet their contributions have often been overlooked or undervalued. Agriculture has traditionally been the backbone of the Indian economy, and within this system, women have been indispensable in ensuring food security, maintaining household nutrition, and sustaining rural livelihoods. The engagement of women in agriculture extends beyond the fields, as it encompasses allied sectors such as animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry, and post-harvest activities. The story of women’s labor in agriculture is deeply interwoven with gender, literature, and culture in India, reflecting the complex ways in which gender roles are shaped and reinforced within society. Women’s labor in agriculture is multifaceted and often invisible in economic data because it is categorized as subsistence or unpaid family work. Rural women participate in almost every agricultural operation, from sowing seeds, transplanting, weeding, and harvesting to post-harvest processing such as cleaning, drying, and storing grains. In states like Punjab and Haryana, women are active in manual operations like transplantation of paddy and cotton picking, while in eastern India, their labor is seen in rice cultivation, fish farming, and jute processing. In tribal regions, women often manage shifting cultivation, gathering forest produce, and maintaining kitchen gardens. Despite this, they are rarely recognized as farmers, as land ownership and titles remain predominantly in men’s names due to patriarchal property systems. Gender dynamics within Indian agriculture reveal a striking disparity between women’s contribution and their access to resources. Women farmers often lack ownership of land, access to credit, extension services, irrigation facilities, and modern technology. This exclusion is not just economic but also cultural, as social norms define men as the decision-makers in agriculture while relegating women to secondary roles. Yet, empirical evidence shows that women’s participation ___ _______ ____ ________ __________ _____ ____ ______ ________.
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