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Anyathākhyātivāda is a theory of perceptual error advocated by the Naiyāyika school of Indian philosophy. The term "anyathākhyāti" literally means "misapprehension" or "misrepresentation," and this theory aims to explain how and why perceptual errors occur—such as mistaking a rope for a snake. Naiyāyikas offer a realist explanation of error, which rests on their epistemological framework that accepts perception, inference, comparison, and testimony as valid means of knowledge (pramāṇas). According to anyathākhyātivāda, the error in perception arises when something is cognized as something else due to the misapplication of memory. When one sees a shell and mistakes it for silver, what actually happens is that the real perception of the shell is fused with the memory image of _____ ___ __________ __________ _________ ___ _____ _______ _____ ____ ______.
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