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In Indian philosophy, comparison among different schools often revolves around their understanding of reality, knowledge, self, and liberation. Two broad categories of Indian philosophical thought are the Orthodox (Āstika) schools, which accept the authority of the Vedas, and the Heterodox (Nāstika) schools, which reject it. Among the Orthodox schools, prominent systems include Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, and Vedānta, while the Nāstika schools include Buddhism, Jainism, and Cārvāka. Comparing these schools reveals their distinctive approaches to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and soteriology. The Nyāya school emphasizes logic and epistemology. It is primarily concerned with the means of valid knowledge (pramāṇa), enumerating four sources: perception, inference, comparison, and verbal testimony. Knowledge leads to liberation by removing ignorance, particularly the misapprehension ________ _______ _________ _________ ____ ___ _______ ______ ____ ___ ______.
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