. What is a public distribution system (PDS)? Explain the shortcomings and measures taken to strengthen the PDS.

The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is a vital component of the country's food security system. It was introduced to ensure the availability of essential commodities like wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene oil to the economically weaker sections of society at affordable prices. The PDS operates through a network of fair price shops (FPS) where these commodities are distributed to eligible beneficiaries.

However, the PDS in India has faced several shortcomings over the years, hindering its effectiveness in achieving its objectives:

1. Leakages and Corruption: One of the most significant challenges plaguing the PDS is leakages and corruption. Subsidized food grains meant for the poor often find their way into the open market, depriving the intended beneficiaries. This occurs due ________ _________ _______ __________ _________ _________ ___ _____ _________ ___ __________ ______.
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