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The criminal justice system in India has undergone a complex and multifaceted evolution influenced by indigenous traditions, colonial rule, and post-independence legal reforms. Its history is a reflection of the social, political, and economic contexts prevailing during different periods, and social work as a discipline has gradually become intertwined with the justice system, particularly in areas of rehabilitation, reintegration, and victim support. Understanding this historical trajectory requires an examination of pre-colonial, colonial, and post-independence phases, along with the emergence of modern social work interventions within the criminal justice framework. In the pre-colonial era, India’s criminal justice system was largely shaped by customary laws, religious texts, and local governance structures. Ancient Indian legal texts such as the Manusmriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, and Arthashastra provide significant insight into the principles of justice, punishment, and social order. These texts emphasized the maintenance of social harmony, retributive justice, and moral conduct. Punishments ranged from fines and corporal penalties to capital punishment, depending on the nature and severity of the crime. The focus was primarily on restoring social equilibrium rather than on rehabilitation, though certain forms of restitution were mandated to compensate victims. Social work, in the modern sense, was absent; however, community norms and village councils (panchayats) played a mediating role in resolving disputes, which can be seen as an early form of community-based conflict resolution. During the medieval period, with the establishment of various Sultanates and the Mughal Empire, the criminal justice system incorporated Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia) alongside customary laws. The legal framework emphasized __________ ______ ______ _________ ______ ______ _____ _______ _________ _____.
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