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The rights of prisoners in India have evolved significantly through the combined efforts of the legislature and the judiciary. Both these organs of the state have been instrumental in recognizing prisoners as human beings entitled to dignity, fair treatment, and protection under the law, even while serving their sentences. Within the framework of social work and criminal justice, the role of the legislature and the judiciary becomes crucial, as they determine the standards of humane treatment, set the legal protections, and provide remedies against arbitrary state action. The emphasis on prisoners’ rights demonstrates that incarceration does not strip individuals of their fundamental rights except to the extent that restriction is a necessary consequence of their imprisonment. The legislature has historically played the primary role of enacting laws that directly regulate prisons and prisoners. The Prison Act of 1894, though a colonial legislation, laid the foundation for prison administration in India. Despite its dated provisions, it remains the principal law governing prisons, with various state prison manuals supplementing its framework. However, the legislative approach in more recent times has been to modernize prison administration in line with international human rights standards. Recommendations of various committees, such as the All India Committee on Jail Reforms (1980–1983) headed by Justice A.N. Mulla, have pushed the legislature to focus on correctional philosophy rather than mere punishment. These reformist ideas emphasized the welfare and rehabilitation of prisoners, a perspective deeply aligned with the principles of social work in criminal justice. The legislature has also incorporated international norms into domestic law, which has strengthened the cause of prisoners’ rights. India is a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and has accepted the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (also called the Nelson Mandela Rules). These commitments have ________ _____ ____ ______ ____.
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