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The protection and promotion of prisoners' rights in India is a multidimensional process that involves several institutions, among which the legislature and judiciary play crucial roles. Both of these organs of governance are vital in ensuring that prisoners are treated humanely, their rights are respected, and systemic reforms are undertaken to address injustices and safeguard fundamental freedoms. The legislature, being the law-making body, lays down the framework that governs the treatment of prisoners. Through statutes, amendments, and regulations, the legislature establishes the legal boundaries within which prisons operate. The Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), and the Prison Manuals enacted at both central and state levels provide detailed guidelines regarding the custody, treatment, rehabilitation, and rights of prisoners. Laws such as the Prisons Act of 1894 and subsequent state amendments outline the conditions of incarceration, discipline, visitation rights, and access to healthcare. Additionally, the legislature plays a proactive role in amending outdated provisions that are inconsistent with contemporary human rights standards. For example, legislative interventions have emphasized reforms for juveniles in conflict with the law through the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, which incorporates principles of rehabilitation and social reintegration rather than mere punitive measures. By codifying prisoners’ rights into law, the legislature ensures a standard mechanism for accountability and oversight, making it a foundational pillar for the protection of incarcerated individuals. Moreover, the legislature facilitates the creation of institutional mechanisms aimed at safeguarding prisoners’ welfare. Parliamentary committees and commissions, such as the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and various state-level human rights bodies, are empowered to investigate violations, recommend reforms, and ensure compliance with statutory norms. By enacting legislation that mandates periodic inspection of prisons, reporting of abuses, and establishment of grievance redressal _____ __________ ___ ___ _____ ________ __________ ______ _____.
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