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The historical evolution of the criminal justice system in India is deeply intertwined with the subcontinent’s socio-political developments, cultural ethos, and legal philosophies that have changed over time. The roots of criminal justice in India can be traced back to ancient times, where law and order were primarily maintained through customary practices, moral codes, and religious doctrines. In the Vedic period, society was largely governed by Dharma, a set of moral, ethical, and legal principles that were considered essential for maintaining social harmony and justice. The Dharmaśāstras, particularly the Manusmriti, provided detailed prescriptions for various offenses and their corresponding punishments, reflecting a strong belief in retributive justice as well as the concept of restorative justice, emphasizing reconciliation and social balance. During the Mauryan Empire, under rulers like Chandragupta and Ashoka, criminal justice became more centralized. Ashoka’s edicts reveal a governance approach emphasizing moral authority, deterrence, and reform. Punishments were often severe but were tempered by considerations of equity, reflecting early notions of proportionality in justice. The Mauryan administration relied on a network of officials to investigate crimes and adjudicate disputes, laying the foundation for an organized bureaucratic system. This period marked the emergence of codified rules, procedural norms, and administrative oversight in maintaining law and order, a precursor to modern criminal justice practices. The post-Mauryan period saw the rise of regional kingdoms, where criminal justice was largely shaped by local customs and traditions. The Gupta Empire, often regarded as a golden age in Indian history, formalized certain legal principles and emphasized procedural fairness. Courts were established at multiple levels, with local panchayats and higher courts addressing disputes and crimes. The focus remained both on punishment and restitution, with a strong community role in enforcing norms _____ ________ ___ _________ ____ _______ __________ ______.
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