Word Count : 628

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Translation has occupied a significant place in the Indian intellectual and literary tradition since ancient times. Unlike many Western approaches that often emphasize linguistic equivalence, Indian translation theory is deeply rooted in cultural continuity, interpretation, adaptation, and the preservation of meaning. The Indian concept of translation evolved through the transmission of religious scriptures, philosophical texts, literary works, and oral traditions across different regional languages. Translation was viewed not merely as the transfer of words from one language to another but as a creative process that communicated the essence, spirit, and cultural values of the original text. The Indian translation tradition can be traced to the Vedic period, when sacred knowledge was interpreted and explained through commentaries, explanations, and oral recitations. The concepts of *Bhashya* (commentary), *Tika* (annotation), *Vyakhya* (interpretation), and *Anuvada* (restatement or repetition) formed the basis of translation practices. These methods aimed to make complex philosophical and religious texts understandable to different groups of people without _____ ________ __________ _______ _________ ____ ____ _________ ____ ________ ______.
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