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André Lefevere was one of the most influential scholars in modern Translation Studies. He shifted the focus of translation theory from the traditional concern with linguistic equivalence to the broader cultural, ideological, and social dimensions of translation. According to Lefevere, translation is not merely the transfer of words from one language to another but a process of rewriting that is influenced by various forces operating within society. His theory is closely associated with the cultural turn in translation studies. Lefevere argued that every translation is a form of rewriting. A translator does not simply reproduce the original text but recreates it in accordance with the expectations, beliefs, and literary norms of the target culture. Therefore, translation is never neutral. The translator makes conscious and unconscious choices that shape the meaning and reception of the translated text. One of the central _____ _____ __________ ___ _____.
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