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Catford’s contribution to translation theory is regarded as one of the earliest systematic and linguistic approaches to translation. J. C. Catford presented his views in his influential book *A Linguistic Theory of Translation* (1965). He defined translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language (Source Language) by equivalent textual material in another language (Target Language).” His theory is primarily based on structural linguistics and emphasizes the relationship between language systems rather than literary or cultural aspects. According to Catford, translation is fundamentally a linguistic operation. He argued that every language has its own structure, grammar, and lexical system. The translator’s task is to identify the closest equivalent in the target language while maintaining the ___ _______ ______ ______ ________ _________.
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