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The relationship between Indian interpreters and British imperialism was complex, multidimensional, and deeply connected with the establishment and expansion of colonial rule in India. Interpreters, commonly known as dubashes, munshis, vakils, and translators, played a significant role in facilitating communication between British officials and the diverse linguistic communities of India. Since the British lacked adequate knowledge of Indian languages, customs, legal systems, and social practices during the early phases of colonial expansion, they depended heavily on Indian intermediaries to administer territories and conduct trade. Indian interpreters acted as linguistic and cultural mediators. They translated official documents, treaties, legal records, administrative orders, commercial agreements, and diplomatic correspondence. Their work enabled British _______ _________ __________ ______ _________ _________ ______ _______ __________ _____ ________.
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