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The relationship between Indian interpreters and British imperialism was complex, dynamic, and deeply political. Interpreters, commonly known as translators, linguists, munshis, dubashes, and intermediaries, were not merely language experts but crucial agents in the establishment, expansion, and maintenance of British colonial rule in India. From the perspective of *Anuvad ki Rajniti* (Politics of Translation), translation was never a neutral linguistic activity. It became an instrument through which power was negotiated, exercised, resisted, and institutionalized. When the British East India Company began expanding its political and commercial influence, its officials lacked knowledge of Indian languages, customs, laws, and administrative systems. Indian interpreters filled this gap by translating official documents, revenue records, legal texts, treaties, and everyday communications. Without their linguistic expertise, the British would have found it difficult to govern diverse linguistic regions. Thus, interpreters became indispensable collaborators in the colonial administration. Indian interpreters also played a vital role in the codification and translation of indigenous legal and religious texts. Works such as the Manusmriti, Dharmashastra, Persian ___ ______ _____ _____ _______ ________ _________ _______ ____ _________ ___.
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