Discuss the breakdown mechanisms observed in a zener diode. 

A ball having a mass of 0.5 kg is moving towards the east with a speed of 8.0 ms^-1. After being hit by a bat it changes its direction and starts moving towards the north with a speed of 6.0 ms¹. If the time of impact is 0.1 s, calculate the impulse and average force acting on the ball.

A crate of mass 30.0 kg is pulled by a force of 300 N up an inclined plane which makes an angle of 30° with the horizon. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the plane and the crate is 0.225. If the crates starts from rest, calculate its speed after it has been pulled 15.0 m. Draw the free body diagram.

Explain the working of p-channel JFET using a circuit diagram showing its voltage biasing with appropriate polarities. Draw its drain characteristics with Vos <OV and Vos≥ 0 V.

The intrinsic carrier concentration of a semiconductor is 3x10¹⁷ m^-³. It is doped with a trivalent impurity with dopant atom density of 8x10¹⁸ m^-³. The electron and hole mobilities are 0.5 m² V-¹s^-1 and 0.3 m² V^-1s^-1 respectively. Calculate its conductivity before and after the doping.

Describe the formation of depletion layer in a p-n junction diode. Explain the I-V characteristics of p-n junction in forward and reversed biased conditions.

Calculate Q-Value of the reaction:

Take 

u and 

A piece of wood from the ruins of an ancient dwelling was found to have a ¹⁴C activity of 14 disintegrations per minute per gram of its carbon content. The ¹⁴C activity of living wood is 16 disintegrations per minute per gram. How long ago did the tree die from which the wood sample came? Take half-life of radiocarbon as 5760 years.

Establish the relation for binding energy per nucleon for nuclei. Calculate the value of binding energy per nucleon for Given:

Mass of Ni : 63.9280 u

Mass of proton : 1.007825 u

Mass of neutron : 1.008665 u

Is this nucleus stable?

The half life of ⁵¹Cr is 27.70 days. After how many days will only 10% of the element be left over?

Show that, for a symmetric potential function (V(x) = V(-x)), the parity operator commutes with the Hamiltonian. What is the parity of the of the following eigenfunctions of a symmetric potential well of width 2a: (i)  and (ii)

The refractive index of the core and cladding materials of an optical fibre is 1.52 and 1.46, respectively. Calculate the critical angle, numerical aperture and acceptance angle at the air-fibre interface.

With the help of a labeled diagram, discuss lasing action of a He-Ne laser.

A particle encounters a step potential of height . V₀ What is the reflection and transmission coefficient if E = 1.5V₀ ? Show that R + T = 1.

Define numerical aperture and angle of acceptance. An optical fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.20 and cladding refractive index of 1.59. Calculate the refractive index of the core material and the acceptance angle of the fibre in water whose refractive index is 1.33.

The eigenfunction of a particle confined in a box of length L ( 0  x  L ) is

Calculate and the probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x = L / 4 .

Discuss applications of lasers in medicine and communication.

Diffraction limits the image forming capability of optical devices'. Discuss the authenticity of this statement for the particular case of a microscope.

The quantum mechanical wave function for a particle isv given by

Determine (i) the normalization constant N and(ii) the most probable position of the particle.

A vertical single and double slits and illuminated by a point source. Discuss the salient features of their Fraunhofer diffraction patterns. Also, obtain an expression for intensity distribution in case of double slit.