Discuss the breakdown mechanisms observed in a zener diode. 

Zener diodes are designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region, where they maintain a stable voltage regardless of the current variations. The breakdown mechanisms in a Zener diode are primarily governed by two distinct phenomena: avalanche breakdown and Zener breakdown.

In the case of Zener breakdown, it occurs at relatively low reverse voltages (typically below 5V). This phenomenon is due to the intense electric ________ __________ ______ _______ __________ ___ ____.
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