Explain the chemistry behind phosphodiester bond formation

Draw and label structure and parts of chromosome.

What are the various functions of chromatin? How histone proteins help in chromatin compaction?

Write a note on types of promoters in a prokaryotic gene.

Explain DNA melting, Tm and its significance.

Comment on analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences for molecular evolution.

What are different types of quantitative traits?

Describe numerical chromosomal aberrations.

What are the limitations of pedigree analysis?

What are the characteristic features of X-linked dominant traits?

Explain endosymbiont theory.

Give an overview of development in Drosophila.

Describe centromere mapping in Neurospora.

Differentiate between generalised and specialized transduction.

Distinguish independent assortment from linkage in genetic crosses.

Describe intragenic complementation and the concept of cistron.

Differentiate between recessive and dominant epistasis.

Explain Sutton and Boveri hypothesis.

Highlight the unique features of any two model organisms and their suitability for specific studies.

Write a note on biotic stress.