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DNA melting refers to the separation of the two complementary strands of the DNA double helix into single strands due to the disruption of hydrogen bonds between paired bases. This process is also known as DNA denaturation. Under normal physiological conditions, DNA exists as a stable double-stranded molecule held together by hydrogen bonds between adenine–thymine and guanine–cytosine base pairs, as well as by hydrophobic interactions and base stacking forces. When DNA is exposed to certain physical or chemical conditions such as increased temperature, extreme pH, or the presence of denaturing agents like urea or formamide, these stabilizing forces are weakened, leading to strand _________ _________ ______ ______ _________ ____ ________.
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