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DNA melting refers to the separation of the two complementary strands of the DNA double helix into single strands due to the disruption of hydrogen bonds between paired bases. This process is also known as DNA denaturation. Under normal physiological conditions, DNA exists as a stable double-stranded molecule held together by hydrogen bonds between adenine–thymine and guanine–cytosine base pairs, as well as by hydrophobic interactions and base stacking forces. When DNA is exposed to certain physical or chemical conditions such as increased temperature, extreme pH, or the presence of denaturing agents like urea or formamide, these stabilizing forces are weakened, leading to strand separation without breaking the phosphodiester backbone. As temperature rises gradually, DNA undergoes melting in a cooperative manner. Regions rich in adenine and thymine melt first because __________ ________ ____ ______ ___ _________ _________ ___ _______.
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