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Model organisms are species extensively studied to understand biological processes that are broadly applicable to other organisms, including humans. *Drosophila melanogaster* (fruit fly) is one of the most widely used model organisms in genetics due to its short life cycle, high reproductive rate, and well-characterized genome. Its life cycle is approximately 10–12 days from egg to adult, allowing rapid observation of multiple generations and inheritance patterns. The organism has only four pairs of chromosomes, which simplifies genetic analysis and mapping. Many visible phenotypic traits such as eye color, wing shape, ________ ______ _____ ____ _______ _______ ____ _____ ___ ____ ______ ___.
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