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The formation of enolates in organic chemistry is influenced by several key factors that determine both the rate and the selectivity of deprotonation at the α-carbon of carbonyl compounds. One major factor is the acidity of the α-hydrogen. Hydrogens attached to the carbon adjacent to a carbonyl group are relatively acidic due to the resonance stabilization of the resulting enolate anion. Compounds with electron-withdrawing substituents near the ____ ___ __________ ___ ______ ___ ____ ____.
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