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Modern toxicology has expanded far beyond the traditional study of poisons and their lethal effects to encompass the evaluation of adverse effects of chemical, physical, and biological agents on living organisms. Its scope includes toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, which explain the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and mechanisms of action of toxic substances. Modern toxicology plays a crucial role in drug development and safety assessment _____ ________ ____ __________ ________ _________ _____ _______ ___.
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