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Hepatotoxicity refers to liver damage caused by various toxicants. Among these, carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and paracetamol are well-known agents that induce liver injury through distinct mechanisms. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is a volatile organic compound that has been widely used as a solvent, but it is highly toxic to the liver. When inhaled or ingested, CCl₄ is metabolized in the liver, primarily by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP2E1). This enzyme converts CCl₄ into a highly reactive radical, the trichloromethyl radical (CCl₃•), and its corresponding peroxy radical (CCl₃OO•). These radicals are extremely toxic and initiate a cascade of events leading to hepatotoxicity. The reactive radicals interact with cellular components, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. This results in the formation of lipid peroxides, _________ ____ ______ ____ _________ _________ ________ ______ __________ ____.
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