Write the indications of chest drainage. Explain the nursing management of patient with water seal chest drainage.

Indications of Chest Drainage  

Chest drainage is a critical procedure in medical-surgical nursing used to remove air, fluid, or blood from the pleural space to restore normal respiratory function. The major indications for chest drainage include:  

1. Pneumothorax – Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity leading to lung collapse, which may occur due to trauma, spontaneous rupture, or surgical complications.  
2. Hemothorax – Presence of blood in the pleural cavity due to chest trauma, surgery, or rupture of blood vessels.  
3. Pleural Effusion – Excess fluid accumulation in the pleural space caused by infections, malignancies, ________ _________ __________ _________ _____ _________.
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