Write short notes on the following: 

a. Back-formation
b. Compounding

### a. Back-formation

Back-formation is a process in linguistics where a new word is formed by removing an affix (such as a prefix or suffix) from an existing word, typically by mistakenly identifying it as a derived form. This process often leads to the creation of a new verb from an existing noun. Back-formation is a form of word-formation that reverses the normal pattern of affixation, where words are generally formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to roots or stems.

#### Characteristics of Back-formation:
1. Reduction of Affixes: In back-formation, affixes (usually suffixes) are subtracted from a more complex word to form a simpler one. For instance, the noun "editor" led to the verb "edit" by removing the suffix "-or."
2. Creation of New Words: This process often results in the creation of new verbs from nouns. For example, "burglar" became "burgle" by removing the "-ar" suffix.
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