What are the characteristics of human language? Discuss each in detail. 

Human language is a complex and unique system of communication that sets humans apart from other species. It is governed by a series of characteristics that define its structure, functionality, and use. These characteristics, also known as the "design features" of language, were first outlined by linguist Charles F. Hockett. Below, we discuss each of the main characteristics of human language in detail.

### 1. Arbitrariness
Arbitrariness refers to the lack of inherent connection between the words (signs) used in a language and the objects or concepts they represent. For instance, the word "dog" in English does not resemble the actual animal, and it could be replaced with any other sound or symbol without changing the concept. This arbitrary relationship between signifier (sound) and signified (meaning) is a fundamental aspect of human language. Other species use communication systems with fixed, non-arbitrary signals, such as the bee dance, which is directly related to the distance and direction of nectar.

Exceptions: There are some exceptions in human languages, such as onomatopoeia, where words imitate the sounds they describe (e.g., "buzz" or "meow"), but even these are subject to variations across languages.

### 2. Duality of Patterning
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