Write notes on the following: (i) Genetically modified food (ii) Pasteurization of milk.

(i) Genetically modified food (GM food) refers to food products derived from organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The goal of genetically modifying food is to improve crop yield, enhance nutritional content, resist pests and diseases, and increase tolerance to environmental conditions such as drought or salinity. The process involves inserting, deleting, or modifying specific genes within the DNA of the organism to produce desired traits.

From a food chemistry perspective, genetic modification can affect the biochemical composition of food. For example, modifying a plant to produce higher levels of vitamins or antioxidants involves changing the biosynthetic pathways, which are controlled by enzymes encoded by the introduced or altered genes. This can lead to the production of new proteins or enzymes that were _________ ______ __________ ______ ___ ____ __________ _______ _____ ____.
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