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Tularemia is an acute zoonotic infection caused by the small, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming coccobacillus *Francisella tularensis*. From a biological warfare (BW) and CBRNE medical-management perspective, it is regarded as an important potential biological threat because of its high infectivity, ability to produce severe systemic disease, and potential for aerosol-associated outbreaks. The organism has historically been considered a Category A biological threat agent, reflecting the possibility of substantial public-health impact and the need for special preparedness. ([CDC][1]) The BW potential of tularemia is mainly related to the properties of *F. tularensis*. Only a small exposure can produce infection, and aerosol exposure can result in pneumonic or typhoidal illness. The organism is also relatively stable under suitable environmental conditions. These characteristics mean that an intentional aerosol exposure could produce a large number of cases over a relatively short period. WHO has noted that *F. tularensis* is highly infectious and has historically been considered a potential biological weapon. ([WHO IRIS][2]) The clinically important subspecies include *F. tularensis* subsp. *tularensis* (type A) and subsp. *holarctica* (type B). Type A is generally more virulent and is associated particularly with severe disease in North America, whereas type B is more widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and generally produces less severe disease. The severity of infection also depends on the route of exposure. ([WHO IRIS][3]) For CBRNE preparedness, inhalational exposure is particularly important because it may produce an outbreak resembling a nonspecific febrile respiratory illness. Following _______ ________ _____ _________ _________ ____ _______ __________.
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