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A leakage of 1000 Ci of radioiodine and 2000 Ci of Cs-137 from a nuclear reactor represents a major radiological emergency with the potential for external radiation exposure, internal contamination, environmental contamination, and a large number of casualties. The response must therefore begin with protection of the responders, rapid communication with the radiation-safety authorities, control of the contaminated area, and preparation of the CBRN hospital to receive potentially contaminated and radiation-injured patients. The quantity of radioactive material alone does not determine the dose received by an individual; the actual risk depends on the radionuclide, radiation type, distance, shielding, duration of exposure, and whether radioactive material has entered the body. ([CDC][1]) On receiving the information, the first step at the reactor site would be to activate the established radiological emergency plan and incident command system. The incident commander should establish communication with the reactor emergency team, radiation-protection specialists, fire and rescue services, police, ambulance services, public-health authorities and the designated CBRN hospital. The reactor operator and radiation-protection team should provide information about the location of the release, estimated quantities, release duration, wind direction, radiation measurements, affected workers and the possibility of further release. Protective actions should be based on measured radiation levels, meteorological conditions and the projected movement of the radioactive plume rather than on the activity figures alone. ([CDC][2]) Personnel should not enter the affected area unnecessarily. The principles of time, distance and shielding should be followed: minimize time spent near the source, maximize distance from the source and use appropriate shielding. Only trained and properly equipped emergency personnel should enter controlled areas. Personal dosimeters and suitable radiation survey instruments should be used. A controlled or exclusion zone should be established around the reactor, with access restricted to essential personnel. Hot, warm and cold zones should be clearly identified, and movement between zones should be controlled to prevent the spread ________ ______ _________ ___ _______ ___ ____ _______.
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