Write a note on the international regime on access and benefit sharing

The international regime on access and benefit-sharing (ABS) has emerged as a crucial legal and policy framework within the global discourse on biodiversity conservation, sustainable use, and equity in sharing the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. This framework is particularly significant in the context of plant varieties protection, biotechnology, and traditional knowledge (TK), where equitable sharing of benefits and respect for the rights of indigenous and local communities play a central role. The development of international ABS norms reflects the intersection of environmental law, intellectual property rights (IPR), human rights, and scientific innovation.

The primary international instrument governing ABS is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), adopted in 1992. The CBD recognizes the sovereign rights of states over their natural resources and provides that access to genetic resources is subject to prior informed consent (PIC) and mutually agreed terms (MAT). The convention has three main objectives: conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. These objectives are especially relevant in the case of plant genetic resources (PGRs), which are critical for food security, agricultural research, and innovation in biotechnology.

The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing, adopted in 2010 as a supplementary agreement to the CBD, provides a more detailed and operational framework for ABS. It elaborates on the mechanisms for obtaining PIC from provider countries and ensures that MAT are established to fairly share both monetary and non-monetary benefits resulting from _________ __________ ________ ______ ____.
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