Explain the issue of access and benefit sharing and the provisions on its implementation under CBD

The issue of Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) lies at the core of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), particularly in relation to plant varieties protection, biotechnology, and traditional knowledge. The ABS framework addresses how genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge are accessed, and how the benefits arising from their use are fairly and equitably shared. This concept is rooted in the CBD's overarching goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

Access and Benefit Sharing under CBD

The CBD, which came into force in 1993, recognizes that states have sovereign rights over their natural resources, including genetic resources. It stipulates that access to genetic resources must be subject to the prior informed consent (PIC) of the providing country and should be based on mutually agreed terms (MAT). This was a departure from the earlier view of genetic resources as a "common heritage of mankind," signaling a shift towards recognizing the ownership and control of such resources by national governments and, by extension, local communities and indigenous peoples.

Access and Benefit Sharing is primarily articulated under Article 15 of the CBD, which establishes the fundamental legal principles _________ ______ ______ ___ ___ ______.
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