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Disasters, whether natural or man-made, have far-reaching consequences on human health and sanitation. These events disrupt the normal functioning of communities and lead to conditions that foster the spread of diseases and deteriorate public health systems. During and after disasters, human health and sanitation-related issues become critical areas of concern, especially in regions with pre-existing vulnerabilities such as high population density, poverty, and lack of infrastructure. One of the most immediate impacts of disasters is the physical injury and trauma that people experience. Earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, and industrial accidents often cause a high number of casualties and serious injuries, ranging from fractures and burns to lacerations and crush injuries. These require timely medical attention, but health care services are often overwhelmed or even destroyed, reducing their ability to respond effectively. In addition to direct physical harm, disasters also bring about secondary health risks related to displacement. Large populations are often forced to take shelter in temporary camps, where overcrowding becomes a significant problem. In such settings, the basic requirements of clean water, proper sanitation, and hygiene are difficult to meet. The lack of access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation facilities contributes to the outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, and hepatitis A and E. These diseases spread quickly in unsanitary conditions, particularly among children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Another health issue that arises during disasters is the breakdown of routine health care services, including the supply of essential medicines and access to maternal and child health care. People with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases face challenges in accessing their regular medications, which can lead to complications or death. Similarly, pregnant women may be unable ____ _______ __________ ________ _____ ___ _________ ______ _________ ________ ___.
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