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The Tolman cone angle is an important concept used in inorganic chemistry and organometallic chemistry to describe the steric bulk of phosphine ligands around a metal centre. It was introduced by Chadwick A. Tolman to provide a quantitative measure of the spatial requirements of phosphines. The cone angle is particularly useful in predicting the coordination geometry, stability and reactivity of transition-metal phosphine complexes. A phosphine ligand has the general formula PR₃, where R may be hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or other substituent groups. When a phosphine coordinates to a metal atom, the three substituents surrounding phosphorus occupy a certain region of space. The Tolman cone angle, represented by θ, is the angle formed at the metal between the outer edges of the three substituents of the phosphine _____ __________ ______ __________ ________.
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