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Nutrients are essential substances required by the human body for growth, maintenance, repair, reproduction, immunity, and overall well-being. While energy is a primary nutritional requirement, many other nutrients are equally important because they perform vital physiological, structural, metabolic, and protective functions. These nutrients are broadly classified into proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and dietary fibre. Adequate intake of these nutrients is essential for achieving optimal nutritional status, preventing deficiency diseases, promoting healthy growth and development, and reducing the risk of chronic illnesses. Community nutrition programmes focus not only on providing sufficient calories but also on ensuring the adequate intake of all essential nutrients throughout the life cycle. Proteins are among the most important nutrients after energy. They are composed of amino acids, which serve as the building blocks of the body. Proteins are required for the growth and repair of tissues, synthesis of enzymes and hormones, formation of antibodies, maintenance of fluid balance, and transport of various substances in the blood. During infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation, the demand for protein increases because of rapid tissue growth and development. Protein deficiency may lead to growth retardation, muscle wasting, lowered immunity, delayed wound healing, and severe forms of protein-energy malnutrition such as kwashiorkor and marasmus. Proteins are classified as complete and incomplete proteins depending on their amino acid composition. Animal foods such as milk, eggs, fish, poultry, and meat provide complete proteins containing all essential amino acids. Plant proteins found in cereals, pulses, legumes, nuts, and seeds are generally incomplete but can provide high-quality protein when consumed in appropriate combinations. The traditional Indian practice of combining cereals with pulses, such as rice with dal or chapati with lentils, improves the biological value of dietary protein. Fats are another essential nutrient that performs several important functions beyond supplying energy. Fats provide essential fatty acids, support the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, protect vital organs, maintain body temperature, and contribute to cell membrane structure. They are involved in hormone production, brain development, and nervous system functioning. Adequate dietary fat is particularly important during infancy and early childhood when rapid brain growth occurs. Essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from food. Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, soybeans, fish, and certain animal products are good sources of essential fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish, flaxseed, walnuts, and chia ___ __________ _____ ___ ____ ________ _______ ________ __________ _________ _________.
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