What principle is involved in a pH meter? Explain the component and working of a pH meter.

A pH meter is an analytical instrument used to measure the acidity or alkalinity (pH) of a solution, which is crucial in food quality testing and evaluation. The principle involved in a pH meter is based on the measurement of the hydrogen ion (H⁺) activity in a solution. The pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, mathematically expressed as pH = -log\[H⁺]. The pH meter measures the voltage difference generated by a specific glass electrode immersed in the test solution, which correlates to the hydrogen ion concentration.

The fundamental principle of a pH meter relies on the electrochemical potential difference that arises due to the difference in hydrogen ion concentration between a reference electrode and an indicator electrode (glass electrode). This potential difference is converted into an electrical signal, which is __________ _________ __________ ________ _________ _________ ___ ___ _________.
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