What is the right of individual or collective self defence? Discuss the conditions under which this right is available in International Law.

The right of individual or collective self-defense is a fundamental concept in international law, specifically governed by the principles of jus ad bellum and jus in bello. These principles outline the just causes for resorting to war and the ethical conduct during armed conflicts. The right of self-defense, whether individual or collective, is deeply rooted in customary international law and is enshrined in the United Nations Charter under Article 51.

Individual self-defense refers to the inherent right of a state to use force to protect itself against an armed attack. This principle acknowledges that states have the inherent right to defend their sovereignty and territorial integrity. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Nicaragua case (1986) emphasized the customary nature of the right to self-defense and highlighted that ____ ________ ____ _________ __________.
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