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Parental manipulation refers to strategies by which parents influence the behavior, physiology, or development of their offspring in ways that enhance parental fitness, sometimes at a cost to the immediate interests of the progeny. In animal behavior, this concept is closely linked to parent–offspring conflict, where parents and offspring differ in their optimal allocation of resources such as food, care, and protection. From an animal welfare ethics perspective, _______ ____ ____ _______ ____ _____ ________ ________ _________ _____ ____.
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