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Altruism in animals refers to behaviors where an individual incurs a cost to its own fitness to benefit another individual. This seemingly selfless behavior poses an evolutionary question because natural selection typically favors traits that enhance an individual’s own reproductive success. The concept of inclusive fitness, introduced by W.D. Hamilton, provides a framework to explain this apparent paradox. Inclusive fitness is the sum of an individual’s own reproductive success (direct fitness) and the ____ ____ _____ ____ ___ ___ ________ __________.
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