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Naturalized Epistemology is an approach to the theory of knowledge that seeks to replace or transform traditional epistemology by integrating it with the methods and findings of the empirical sciences, particularly psychology and cognitive science. It was most prominently developed by the American philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine in his influential essay *Epistemology Naturalized* (1969). Quine argued that the traditional project of epistemology, which aimed to justify knowledge through a priori philosophical analysis, had failed. Instead of asking how knowledge ought to be justified from an independent philosophical standpoint, he proposed that epistemology should become a branch of empirical science concerned with understanding how human beings actually acquire beliefs about the world. Traditional epistemology has long been concerned with questions such as: What is knowledge? How can beliefs be justified? What distinguishes knowledge from mere opinion? Philosophers from Plato to Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, and the logical positivists attempted to establish secure foundations for knowledge. Many of them sought certainty through rational principles, self-evident truths, or sense experience. Quine believed that these foundationalist attempts were unsuccessful because they relied upon assumptions that could not themselves be justified without circularity or infinite regress. One of the major conditions that led Quine to propose Naturalized Epistemology was the collapse of foundationalism. Foundationalism maintains that all knowledge rests upon basic beliefs that are self-evident, incorrigible, or directly ______ __________ _______ ____ ___ _____ __________.
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