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Naturalized Epistemology is a significant development in twentieth-century epistemology, mainly associated with the American philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine. It represents a movement away from traditional epistemology, which attempted to establish the foundations, certainty, and justification of human knowledge through purely philosophical methods. Quine argued that epistemology should be transformed into a scientific discipline by incorporating the methods and findings of psychology, biology, linguistics, and the natural sciences. According to him, the study of knowledge should examine how human beings actually acquire, process, and justify beliefs rather than searching for an abstract foundation of knowledge independent of empirical investigation. Traditional epistemology was largely concerned with questions such as the origin of knowledge, the justification of beliefs, the relationship between experience and reason, and the possibility of certainty. Philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Kant tried to provide a secure basis for knowledge. Rationalists emphasized reason as the source of certain knowledge, while empiricists focused on sensory experience. Modern _________ _______ ________ ___ ________.
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