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Supports refer to the resources, strategies, services, accommodations, relationships, and interventions provided to individuals with intellectual disability to enable them to participate effectively in everyday life. Rather than focusing only on a person's limitations, the concept of supports emphasizes enhancing functioning by matching appropriate assistance to an individual's unique needs. This approach is based on the social and ecological model of disability, which recognizes that disability results not only from individual impairments but also from barriers within the environment. Supports help individuals improve independence, develop skills, increase participation, and achieve a better quality of life. The concept of supports has become central to contemporary disability and inclusion practices. Earlier classifications of intellectual disability were largely based on Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores, categorizing individuals as mildly, moderately, severely, or profoundly intellectually disabled. However, current approaches, including those promoted by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), emphasize the intensity of supports required rather than merely IQ scores. This perspective recognizes that every individual has strengths and capabilities and that appropriate support can significantly improve adaptive functioning. Supports are individualized and flexible. They vary according to age, environment, personal goals, cultural context, and changing life circumstances. Effective supports may include educational interventions, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, assistive technology, vocational training, family support, counseling, community services, personal assistance, environmental modifications, and social inclusion initiatives. Supports are generally classified into four levels based on their intensity and duration: intermittent, limited, extensive, and pervasive. These support levels correspond to different degrees of need among individuals with intellectual disability. Intermittent support is provided as and when required. It is not continuous and is available only during specific life transitions or situations. Such support may be needed during school admission, job placement, medical emergencies, examinations, or periods of stress. Individuals requiring intermittent support are usually capable of performing most daily activities independently but may need occasional guidance, supervision, or assistance. This level of support is generally associated with individuals who have mild intellectual disability. Individuals with mild intellectual disability often demonstrate slower intellectual development than their ___ _____ _________ ___ ______ ________ _________.
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