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Disability has been understood in different ways across time and cultures. Two of the most influential approaches to understanding disability are the medical model and the social model. These models provide different explanations of the causes of disability and suggest different ways of responding to the needs of persons with disabilities. While the medical model focuses on the individual's impairment as the main cause of disability, the social model argues that disability arises primarily because society fails to accommodate people with impairments. These contrasting perspectives have significantly influenced policies, education, healthcare, employment, and the overall inclusion of persons with disabilities. The medical model of disability views disability as a problem located within the individual. According to this model, disability is caused by a physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental impairment that limits a person's ability to perform normal activities. The main objective of this model is to diagnose, treat, cure, or manage the impairment through medical intervention, rehabilitation, therapy, medication, surgery, or assistive devices. It assumes that the individual must adapt to society by overcoming or minimizing the effects of the impairment. The medical model is based on scientific knowledge and clinical assessment. Doctors, therapists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals play a central role in identifying the impairment and recommending treatment. Success is often measured by the extent to which the person can regain normal functioning or become independent. For example, a person who has lost a leg in an accident is considered disabled because of the absence of the limb. Medical professionals may recommend surgery, physiotherapy, and the use of an artificial limb or prosthesis to improve mobility. Similarly, a child with hearing impairment may receive hearing aids, cochlear implants, and speech therapy to improve communication abilities. A person with depression may receive counselling and medication to reduce symptoms. In each case, the focus remains on correcting or reducing the _________ ____ _______ _____ ________ _________ _______ __________ ___ ___ ___ _____.
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