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Rh incompatibility is an immunological condition that occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. The Rh factor is a protein present on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals who possess this protein are Rh-positive, whereas those who lack it are Rh-negative. Rh incompatibility develops only when fetal Rh-positive red blood cells enter the maternal circulation, causing the mother's immune system to recognize them as foreign and produce antibodies against the Rh antigen. This immune response usually does not significantly affect the first Rh-positive pregnancy but can create serious complications in subsequent pregnancies. Erythroblastosis foetalis, also known as haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), is a condition in which maternal antibodies destroy the red blood cells of an Rh-positive fetus. As these antibodies cross the placenta, they attack fetal erythrocytes, leading to haemolysis, severe anaemia, increased production of immature red blood cells (erythroblasts), jaundice, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and in severe cases, heart failure, hydrops fetalis, or fetal death. __________ __________ ____ ____ _______ _____ _________ _________ ____.
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