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Transport across the cell membrane is essential for maintaining the internal environment of cells and for carrying out physiological functions. The movement of substances across the membrane occurs by two major mechanisms: active transport and passive transport. These mechanisms differ in their energy requirement, direction of movement, transport proteins involved, and physiological significance. Passive transport is the movement of molecules or ions across the cell membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy (ATP). In passive transport, substances move along their concentration or electrochemical gradient, that is, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium ________ _________ __________ ________ _______ _____ _______ _________.
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