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Collective management of copyright and related rights refers to the system in which authors, performers, producers, and other right holders entrust the administration of their rights to specialized organizations known as Collective Management Organizations (CMOs) or copyright societies. This system emerges from the practical difficulty of individual rights holders monitoring, negotiating, and enforcing their rights in a world where their works are used frequently, simultaneously, and across multiple platforms. Through collective management, rights are licensed, royalties are collected, and payments are distributed in a structured and efficient manner. One of the primary activities in collective management is the authorization of use. Rights holders grant mandates to CMOs to act on their behalf, either exclusively or non-exclusively, to license specific rights such as reproduction, communication to the public, broadcasting, public performance, and adaptation. These organizations then negotiate with users such as broadcasters, digital streaming platforms, event organizers, educational institutions, and businesses. Instead of each user negotiating separately with each author or performer, CMOs provide blanket licenses or general licenses that allow users to access large repertoires of works under standardized conditions. Another essential function is the monitoring and documentation of usage. CMOs track how copyrighted works are used across different media and platforms. This includes collecting data from radio and television broadcasts, streaming services, live performances, and digital downloads. Advanced technologies such as digital fingerprinting, watermarking, and content recognition systems are often employed to identify and log the use of specific works. Accurate data collection ensures that royalties are distributed fairly based on actual usage. Collection of royalties is a central aspect of collective management. Once licenses are granted, CMOs collect fees from users according to established tariffs. These tariffs are usually determined based on factors such as the type of use, ____ ______ ________ ________ ____.
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