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Collective administration of copyright is required because the individual exercise of rights by authors, composers, performers, and other copyright owners is often impractical, inefficient, and economically unviable in a modern, technology-driven environment where works are disseminated widely and rapidly. Copyright grants exclusive rights such as reproduction, communication to the public, distribution, and adaptation, but the sheer scale of use of creative works makes it difficult for individual creators to monitor usage, negotiate licenses, and collect remuneration. Collective management organizations (CMOs) or copyright societies emerge as institutional mechanisms that enable efficient management and enforcement of these rights, thereby ensuring that creators are fairly compensated while users can access works in a lawful and convenient manner. One of the primary reasons for collective administration is the multiplicity of users and uses. In sectors like music, broadcasting, film, publishing, and digital platforms, a single work may be used by thousands of entities across different geographical locations. For instance, a song may be played on radio, television, streaming services, restaurants, and public events. It is practically impossible for a composer or lyricist to individually negotiate licenses with each user or track every instance of usage. Collective administration addresses this problem by aggregating rights and offering blanket licenses to users, thereby simplifying the licensing process and ensuring widespread compliance. Another important reason is the reduction of transaction costs. If each user had to negotiate separately with each copyright owner, the administrative burden would be enormous, leading to delays and inefficiencies. Collective management organizations standardize licensing terms, set tariffs, and provide a one-stop solution for users seeking permission to use copyrighted works. This not only reduces legal complexities but also promotes ease of doing business, especially in industries that rely heavily on copyrighted content. Collective __________ _______ _________ _________ ______ ____ _________.
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