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Urban governance during the period c.1206–1550 in India underwent significant evolution under the Delhi Sultanate and the early regional kingdoms that followed its decline. Urban centers became crucial nodes of political control, economic activity, and cultural exchange. The growth of cities such as Delhi, Agra, Multan, Lahore, Jaunpur, Bidar, Gulbarga, and Daulatabad reflected both the administrative needs of the state and the dynamics of trade and social life. Governance of these urban centers was a complex process that combined administrative efficiency, economic regulation, and social control to ensure stability and revenue generation. The foundation of urban governance lay in the administrative machinery of the Sultanate. The Sultan was the supreme authority responsible for the security, taxation, and regulation of cities. However, the day-to-day administration was delegated to officers such as the Kotwal, Shahna, Muhtasib, and Wali. The Kotwal was the head of the urban police and played a central role in maintaining law and order. He supervised the city’s markets, controlled crime, and implemented the orders of the Sultan in urban areas. The Kotwal was also responsible for registering inhabitants, particularly merchants, artisans, and foreign travelers, which ensured the state could monitor economic activity and collect taxes efficiently. For instance, in Delhi, the Kotwal managed the security of streets, regulated the opening and closing of markets, and oversaw the punishment of offenders. The Muhtasib played an equally important role in urban governance by enforcing moral and religious codes. He supervised the observance of Islamic laws, checked the quality of goods in the market, and ensured that weights and measures were accurate. The Muhtasib’s role reflects the moral dimension of urban governance in the Sultanate, where the urban space was seen not just as an economic hub but also as a domain requiring moral regulation. The Shahna of the market was another key ____ _____ __________ ____ _____ ________.
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