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Animal welfare legislation and policy in India is deeply rooted in both cultural traditions and constitutional commitments. The protection of animals has been enshrined in multiple legal instruments, administrative policies, and institutional frameworks that reflect India’s evolving concern for animal rights and welfare. India, as one of the early adopters of comprehensive animal welfare legislation, has established a variety of mechanisms to ensure that animals are protected from cruelty and neglect, while also balancing the needs of society, environment, and sustainable development. Animal welfare in India is guided by a combination of constitutional mandates, statutory laws, subordinate legislation, judicial interpretations, and policy frameworks. The Constitution of India lays the foundation by providing Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties related to animal protection. Article 48A directs the state to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife, while Article 51A(g) makes it the duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment and have compassion for all living creatures. These provisions serve as the ethical and legal basis for further legislation on animal welfare. The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (PCA), 1960, remains the central legislation in the domain of animal welfare. This Act was introduced to prevent unnecessary pain or suffering inflicted on animals and to establish institutional structures for promoting welfare. Under this Act, various activities such as beating, overloading, torturing, or otherwise treating animals cruelly are prohibited. It also provides regulations for the use of animals in experiments, the management of performing animals, and the establishment of organizations for welfare. The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) was established in 1962 under this Act as the first national organization dedicated to promoting animal welfare. The AWBI advises the government on animal welfare laws, promotes humane education, and ensures compliance with welfare standards across the country. In addition _____ ___ ________ _________ _____ _______ ______ ______ ________ __________ ___ _________.
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