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Animal welfare is an evolving concept shaped not only by national priorities but also by international conventions and agreements. The relationship between international conventions and national legislations on animal welfare is a critical dimension in ensuring protection, conservation, and sustainable use of animals. International treaties, conventions, and declarations provide a common framework of principles and obligations that member states agree to incorporate within their national laws. In this way, conventions such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), and International Whaling Commission (IWC) form the foundation for global cooperation. National legislations then translate these international commitments into binding domestic measures, enforcement mechanisms, and penal provisions. India, as a signatory to many international conventions, has harmonized several of its laws and policies with these global frameworks. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and other regulations reflect obligations under conventions like CITES and CMS. The philosophy behind this linkage is that threats to animals, particularly migratory and marine species, transcend boundaries, and therefore international cooperation is indispensable. The most prominent international convention linking directly to national legislations on animal welfare is CITES, which regulates international trade in ________ _______ ___ ________ _______ ______ ______ ______ _______ ________ ________ ______.
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