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In contemporary discourses, disability is no longer understood merely as an individual medical condition but as a complex social, cultural, political, and occupational phenomenon shaped by interactions between impairment and the surrounding environment. Earlier approaches, especially the medical model, defined disability as a defect, abnormality, or limitation within the individual body or mind. Under this framework, disability was treated as a problem requiring diagnosis, cure, rehabilitation, or charity. The focus remained on functional limitations and the inability to perform “normal” activities, often excluding the social and occupational contexts that create barriers. However, disability studies has significantly transformed this understanding by shifting attention from individual impairment to structural inequalities, social exclusion, and power relations. The social model of disability, which emerged from disability rights movements, argues that disability is produced not simply by bodily impairments but by inaccessible environments, discriminatory attitudes, and institutional barriers. According to this view, a person using a wheelchair is disabled not by paralysis itself but by buildings without ramps, transport systems without lifts, and workplaces without inclusive policies. Similarly, persons with visual, hearing, intellectual, or psychosocial disabilities face disabling conditions when communication systems, ________ _________ _______ _________ ______ ____ _________ ________.
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