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In contemporary discourses, disability is no longer understood merely as an individual medical condition but as a complex social, cultural, political, and occupational phenomenon shaped by interactions between impairment and the surrounding environment. Earlier approaches, especially the medical model, defined disability as a defect, abnormality, or limitation within the individual body or mind. Under this framework, disability was treated as a problem requiring diagnosis, cure, rehabilitation, or charity. The focus remained on functional limitations and the inability to perform “normal” activities, often excluding the social and occupational contexts that create barriers. However, disability studies has significantly transformed this understanding by shifting attention from individual impairment to structural inequalities, social exclusion, and power relations. The social model of disability, which emerged from disability rights movements, argues that disability is produced not simply by bodily impairments but by inaccessible environments, discriminatory attitudes, and institutional barriers. According to this view, a person using a wheelchair is disabled not by paralysis itself but by buildings without ramps, transport systems without lifts, and workplaces without inclusive policies. Similarly, persons with visual, hearing, intellectual, or psychosocial disabilities face disabling conditions when communication systems, educational curricula, or employment practices are not adapted to diverse needs. Thus, disability is socially constructed through exclusionary practices and unequal power structures. Contemporary discourse also incorporates the human rights model, particularly influenced by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). This framework defines persons with disabilities as individuals who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. The emphasis here is on dignity, autonomy, non-discrimination, accessibility, and _____ _______ __________ ____ ________ ______ ___ __________ _______ _________.
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