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Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is an important modern separation technique that combines the high separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with the selective retention mechanism of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is particularly useful for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures containing charged, neutral, polar, and non-polar compounds. In CEC, a narrow-bore capillary is packed or coated with a stationary phase, while an electric field is applied across the capillary to drive the mobile phase by electroosmotic flow. The technique therefore combines chromatographic partitioning with electrophoretic and electroosmotic transport. The basic principle of CEC is based on electroosmotic flow and chromatographic interactions. The inner wall of a fused-silica capillary generally contains silanol groups. At a suitable pH, these groups become negatively charged. When an electrolyte solution is introduced into the capillary, positive ions from the solution accumulate near the negatively charged wall, forming an electrical double layer. Application of a high electric field causes the mobile phase to move toward the cathode by electroosmotic flow. Unlike conventional pressure-driven HPLC flow, electroosmotic flow has an approximately flat velocity profile across the capillary. This greatly reduces band broadening and contributes to the high efficiency of CEC. The stationary phase is another essential aspect of capillary electrochromatography. In packed-column CEC, the capillary is filled with small particles, commonly silica-based particles modified with groups such as C18. These particles provide a large surface area for chromatographic interactions. Monolithic stationary phases can also be prepared directly inside the capillary. In open-tubular CEC, the stationary phase is chemically bonded to the inner wall of the capillary. The choice of stationary phase determines the ___ _______ __________ ___ __________ ______ ____.
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